In broad outline, the program plans have involved a coordinated use of Russian orbiters, landers, French atmospheric balloons, and surface rovers, including some highly sophisticated tiny American rovers using the latest in artificial intelligence technology. This new generation of Russian Mars missions features heavy involvement of many other nations, among which Germany has played an especially notable role. The situation was further exacerbated after 1990 by the declining fiscal fortunes of Russian space activities after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The unfortunate failure of the first two Phobos spacecraft forced a delay in this program. A series of missions to Mars were planned to follow in the next few launch windows after Phobos 1 and 2, with two or more spacecraft to be launched in each launch window. An ambitious new spacecraft was developed for the Phobos program, completely supplanting all hardware hitherto used in their ill-fated Mars program. And the Martian environment is especially suitable for the production of rocket propellants and life-support materials to assist unmanned sample-return missions as well as manned expeditions and bases, suggesting a range of engineering experiments on utilization of Martian materials.Īfter a lengthy romance with Venus, the Soviet Union turned toward exploration of Mars in 1988. Ancient marine and lacustrine sediments may preserve evidence of prebiological chemical evolution. Atmospheric erosion by relatively small, numerous impactors has emerged as a potentially dominating evolutionary process. The historical record and significance of the polar layered terrain remains wholly untapped. Study of the chemical weathering and volatile-transport processes at work today may help greatly in understanding the evolution of surface conditions. The broad success of the Viking program provided us with many useful insights into Mars and has whetted our appetite for information about the early history of the planet. Similar to ZY-3 with 3D topographical mapping Similar to the GF-1 satellite, but using a different instrument suit, consisting of a 2/8 m resolution panchromatic/hyperspectral camera and a 16 m resolution wide angle camera Two hyperspectral/multispectral sensors for terrestrial earth observation and four atmospheric observation sensors: visible shortwave infrared hyperspectral camera, full-spectrum spectral imager, atmospheric aerosol multiangle polarization detector, atmospheric trace gases differential absorption spectrometer, main atmospheric greenhouse gases monitor, ultrahigh-resolution infrared atmospheric sounder The first four bands (blue, green, red, and near-IR) at 50 m resolution, the middle-IR (3.5–4.1 μm) at 400m resolution. Repeating cycle: ≤4 days at equatorĪ quad-polarization (vertical-vertical (VV) horizontalhorizontal (HH) vertical-horizontal (VH) horizontalvertical (HV)) C-Band SAR at 25 m spatial resolution, a 26-day repeat cycleĪ geostationary satellite with a camera of 5 bands. Repeating cycle: ≤ 4 days at the equatorĪ single camera: one 1 m Pan and 4 m multispectral bands (blue, green, red, and near-IR). WFI has similar four multispectral bands to HRC at 16m resolution with the swath of 830 km. HRC includes pan at 2 m and four multispectral bands (blue, green, red, and near-IR) at 8m with the swath of 68 km. Two sensors: high-resolution cameras (HRC) and wide field imagers (WFI). FY-4A was launched on December 10, 2016, and additional five new FY-4's launches were also planned. Additional satellites in this series have also been planned with FY-3E (2019), FY-3F (2019), and FY-3G (2022). FY-3D is the latest one in the series launched on November 15, 2017. FY-3A was launched on and carried 11 sensors. FY3 is the second generation of the Chinese meterological polar-orbiting satellites. The meteorological FY satellite series include both geostationary (FY2 and FY4) and polar-orbiting (FY-1 and FY-3) satellites. ZY-3 is equipped with two front and back view CCD cameras having the resolution better than 3.5 m, one CCD camera with the resolution better than 2.1 m, and one multispectral camera with the resolution better than 5.8 m. ZY-3 is China's first high-resolution civilian optical transmission-type stereo mapping satellite that integrates the functions of surveying, mapping, and resources investigation. ZY-1 02C was launched on December 22, 2011. The resource ZY satellite series started with the China–Brazil Earth resource satellites (CBERS) jointly developed by China and Brazil with CBERS-1 launched in 1999 and CBERS-2 on October 21, 2003. Major Chinese satellites relevant to land remote sensing and their launch times ( Liang et al., 2018).
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